without a safety resistor between the GPIO and the gate of the FET putting 12V on it means putting (through a diode in the GPIO logic) 12V on the 3,3V logic, which means instant destruction of
all the 3V3 logic. The only recovery from that is to buy a new one.
If you had used a 10K safety resistor the current flowing from 12V into the GPIO would have been less than 1mA, and the 3V3 regulator would have managed that, and your PI would have kept working, but not now.
