you can make a network with machines with Ethernet ports and switches [5 port , 8port , 16 port , 24port , 48 port etc] and cable
to connect to the outside world a router [with firewall - not all have them but most do]
you can also do it wirelessly - but that will not be as fast [overall speed will suffer as you keep adding machines]
any switch will be fine - Cisco tend to be more expensive [also other managed ones] but unless you are doing very clever stuff [and I mean very clever] with packets and sub nets / alt nets you don't need to bother.
you can have 65534 machines in a class B network [192.168.x.x or 172.16.x.x ]
http://www.subnet-calculator.com/ or less or if you are having IPV6 machines you can do it that way [though there is no need to move to IPV6 for any intranet]