Running 'df' will show disk partitions (and in this context, the SD card is a "disk").
This is a Pi booted from an SD card:
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pi@demo2:~ $ df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/root 14982068 6024820 8176476 43% /
devtmpfs 834512 0 834512 0% /dev
tmpfs 966608 0 966608 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 966608 16928 949680 2% /run
tmpfs 5120 4 5116 1% /run/lock
tmpfs 966608 0 966608 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mmcblk0p1 258096 53441 204655 21% /boot
tmpfs 193320 0 193320 0% /run/user/1000
Mmcblk0p1 is partition 1 on the SD card.
This is a system that is booted from an HDD:
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pi@pidrive:~ $ df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/root 301613616 53946368 233953444 19% /
devtmpfs 469544 0 469544 0% /dev
tmpfs 474152 0 474152 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 474152 12712 461440 3% /run
tmpfs 5120 4 5116 1% /run/lock
tmpfs 474152 0 474152 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 260840 53792 207048 21% /boot
tmpfs 94828 8 94820 1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sda1 is the first partition of the HDD.
There are other methods, such as 'lsblk' (list block devices) which are more inclusive..
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pi@pidrive:~ $ lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 292.5G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 255M 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 292.2G 0 part /