Yes, you can change the text size in Scratch, though it isn't provided by any of the menus. I'd be happy to add something for that if you can convince someone at the foundation to add it to my list.
For now you can get the effect you need by editing a '.po' file. What is one of those? Glad you asked...
First, you need to copy a file -
Open a terminal and enter
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sudo cp /usr/share/scratch/locale/Scratch.pot /usr/share/scratch/locale/ex.po
Then we need to edit ex.po
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sudo nano /usr/share/scratch/locale/ex.po
A)where it says
Replace the blank string with something like "English-large"
B) Then a few lines later you will see
Again, replace the blank string with a suitable number - try something like 1.6 to start with.
Save the file and restart Scratch. Now in the list of languages you get by clicking on the globe icon there will be new entry for English-large.
Change the number as needed to suit your screen and eyes. It works pretty well as long as you stick to modest numbers. 10 just isn't going to work well.