The best example of doing this I have seen uses Kinnect:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_fre0E_J8s
Outdoors is an easier case, since there are no walls and furniture to be confused by.
If you carry an ultrasonic transmitter you could do this:
http://www.pocketmagic.net/android-cont ... ot-part-2/
Here it is following a person carrying the transmitter:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?xv=omh-m_DDcfw
Something similar using audible sound and stereo microphones should be possible.
Another option could be to have the person wear a IR LED and track that. The Wii remote does that.
http://johnnylee.net/projects/wii/
You could use simple light sensors to follow torch light:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2m4yunnWnE
A robot can user a camera to follow a coloured ball relatively easily. Search for
"open CV ball tracking raspberry"
You could also look at the
Pixy Cam which seems to make this sort of simple tracking easy to do.
Bluetooth location is possible, but I don't think it will work for a person following robot. You can work out which bluetooth devices are nearby, and their relative signal strengths will give some indication of position, but you would need a network for bluetooth devices for that. Some explanation is given here:
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/bl ... lance2.htm
Radio tracking is possible with directional antennas, but probably not effective at close range. Some info here:
http://webhome.idirect.com/~griffith/rdf.htm