My workplace uses 10K-3 duct sensors for temperature readings,
I don't know what those are. If you post a link to a datasheet for them, we can be more help if you need assistance in hooking them to the Pi.
and my goal is to have one unit setup where all these sensors report to and I am able to see up to 7 days worth of output.
Sounds like a job for MySQL.
I need analog and digital i/o.
Digital, no problem for the Pi, as long as it is 3.3v. You can convert it down using a voltage divider or logic level converter if necessary.
Analog, you'll need an ADC to convert to digital.
Error messages from the sensors report to a Windows 7 main, and those messages printed independently to the Pi is also desired.
Without more info, I don't think you'll find anyone who can help with that. Are the sensors reporting to the Windows box? Can it be set up to report to two systems? Is it reading the sensors for them? Can two systems read the same error messages, or does one read delete them? Is there an API so the Windows box can report them to the Pi, or so the Pi can read them once the Windows box has them?
Once you have a mechanism to get them TO the Pi, MySQL can store them, no problem.