Whilst it's not hard to blow the Pi usb, I wouldn't think just plugging in a different hub would damage it ..
There should be some indication of what's wrong in the boot-up status messages the Pi displays on the HDMI screen (you can use your TV if you don't have a 'real' display

)
PS Ummm .. I know this sounds rarther too obvious, but the Pi Zero micro-USB sockets are not 'interchangable' ... only the one marked 'usb' has actually has data signals (although both it and the one marked 'pwr' can be used for power) ..